TRAC Analysis of ISK Threat in Afghanistan, Pakistan

In a weekly analysis of terorist threats across the World TRAC has provided an Insight into the Arrest of Islamic State Khurasan (ISK) Spokesman Sultan Aziz Azzam by Pakistan authorities as outlined below

On 16 May 2025, Pakistani authorities conducted a high-profile counterterrorism operation that resulted in the arrest of Sultan Aziz Azzam, the official spokesperson of Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISK). The operation was led by Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and took place in the border region between Nangarhar Province in eastern Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The arrest was deliberately kept confidential for several months to protect intelligence equities and enable follow-on operations against ISK networks.

Azzam’s detention marked a significant blow to ISK’s leadership structure, particularly its media and external messaging apparatus. As the founder of the Al-Azaim Foundation, ISK’s primary propaganda and recruitment arm, Azzam played a central role in shaping the group’s ideological narrative and operational messaging.

Impact on ISK Operations and Propaganda

The arrest of Sultan Aziz Azzam formed part of a broader Pakistani crackdown on ISK activities along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border. Since his detention, multiple planned ISK attacks have reportedly been disrupted, several commanders and ideological facilitators neutralised, and the group’s overall manpower reduced.

In parallel, another senior ISK figure, Abu Yasir al-Turki (also known as “Khurasan.Lion”), was detained in May 2025. These arrests further degraded ISK’s command-and-control capabilities. In the weeks that followed, major ISK-linked propaganda outlets, including Voice of Khorasan, were taken offline. In June 2025, encrypted ISK communication channels were abruptly disabled via a coordinated “kill switch,” triggering speculation and concern across IS-affiliated online ecosystems. Since then, ISK’s propaganda output has dropped sharply, reflecting a significant disruption to its media infrastructure.

Persistent ISK Presence Despite Leadership Losses

Despite these setbacks, TRAC cautions that ISK remains active in Afghanistan, contradicting Taliban claims that the group has been eliminated. ISK continues its recruitment and indoctrination efforts, particularly in border regions, including the use of children in madrasahs and preparation for suicide operations. This underscores that, while leadership arrests have constrained ISK’s capabilities, they have not fully neutralised the group’s operational footprint or ideological appeal.

Early Life and Professional Background

Sultan Aziz Azzam was born in 1980 in the Bati Kot district of Nangarhar Province, an area characterised by strong tribal rules and religious conservatism. Before his involvement in jihadist militancy, he built a professional career in local governance and media. He served as an advisor to the Nangarhar Provincial Council, gaining insight into political processes and community dynamics.

Azzam later transitioned into broadcasting, working with Spinghar Radio in Shinwar, followed by positions at Hamesha Bahar Radio and Nan Radio in Jalalabad. There, he hosted literary and cultural programming, including serialised dramas that earned him local recognition. Fluent in Pashto and Dari, he later proved his communication skills and established networks instrumental in his role as an extremist propagandist. The propaganda power of radio in Afghanistan cannot be underestimated, as it is the main form of communication (opposed to TV or Internet) by the local population.

Radicalisation and Role Within ISK

Azzam was also a poet and writer who frequently published his work on social media platforms, particularly Facebook, before joining ISK. He began writing during his university years and increasingly framed his worldview around the aspiration to live under what he described as a “true Islamic system.” This ideological trajectory ultimately led him to join ISK around 2013–2014, coinciding with the group’s expansion into eastern Afghanistan.

Because of Azzam's mass media experience, even as a new recruit, Azzam rapidly rose through ISK's ranks, becoming its chief media spokesman and head of information operations. He oversaw propaganda production, coordinated messaging between field units and media teams, and issued official statements aimed at both local and international audiences. His speeches and videos emphasised recruitment, ideological justification for violence, and the glorification of ISK attacks, portraying the group as resilient and disciplined.

Ideological Output and Recruitment Activities

Beyond his public statements, Azzam authored several books and articles aimed at inspiring jihadist mobilisation. His most prominent work, Travellers of the Maze, is a multi-part publication chronicling the experiences of ISK fighters in the Spin Ghar mountains, where the group once maintained territorial control. Excerpts from these writings circulated widely on Telegram and other encrypted platforms, reinforcing ISK’s narrative of endurance and sacrifice.

He reportedly leveraged his prior media connections to recruit others into ISK, at times coercing former colleagues to join. Intelligence assessments link him directly to the recruitment of operatives involved in high-profile attacks in Afghanistan.

International Designation and Claimed Death

In 2018, reports surfaced claiming that Sultan Aziz Azzam had been killed in a U.S. drone strike. However, the Taliban confirmed in 2023 that he was alive and residing in Pakistan, casting doubt on earlier assessments. On 1 December 2021, the U.S. Treasury formally designated Azzam as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) under Executive Order 13224 for his role in financing, supporting, and directing terrorist activities.

Responsibility for Major ISK Attacks

As ISK’s spokesperson, Azzam publicly claimed responsibility for several major attacks. These include the 26 August 2021 suicide bombing near Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul, the killing of three female journalists on 2 March 2021, and the large-scale prison assault in Jalalabad on 3 August 2020. His arrest, therefore, is not merely a symbolic victory but rather a substantive disruption to ISK’s external operations and propaganda-driven recruitment strategy.

TRAC has consistently maintained that the Islamic State moved their external operations branch, better known as the Emni, to the Khurasan region. It is unclear how the Emni, if at all, will be affected by Azzam's detention because the Islamic State, as well as other jihadist groups, have been able to execute operations from behind prison walls.